Dramatized Reading of the Book of Mormon

An analogy of the current LDS edition of the Book of Mormon, depicting the events of Helaman 16. If anything like this e'er went downwards in the prehistoric Americas, we could probably still tell.

" "It is chloroform in impress. If Joseph Smith composed this book, the act was a miracle – keeping awake while he did it was, at whatever rate.

—Mark Twain

The Book of Moron Mormon is a boot-ass musical past Trey Parker and Matt Stone. Information technology is also one of the iv main holy scriptures of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and its offshoots (the other works beingness Pearl of Cracking Cost and the Doctrine and Covenants, alongside the King James Version of the Bible), and past far the easiest i to get hold of due to the LDS church'due south press of vast numbers of inexpensive copies for proselytizing purposes.^{[note ane]} It presents itself as another testament of Jesus Christ - comparable to the Bible - and purports to tell the story of Israelite expatriates who fled Jerusalem and wound up in the Americas, some of whose descendants allegedly witnessed the advent of the risen Jesus amongst Native American populations (said in Mormon theology to be the descendants, partially, of these Israelite expats).

The currently produced edition of the volume (which the post-obit article refers to) differs noticeably from the original press, to the point of having a markedly different theology.^[1] Herald Firm, a publisher associated with the Customs of Christ, keeps a replica of the 1830 edition in impress,^[two] and one can easily detect an original version at LDS-affiliated bookstores likewise.^[iii]

Contents

• 1 Groundwork and controversy
• 2 Synopsis
• 3 Anachronisms
  • 3.1 Animate being
  • 3.ii Vegetable
  • 3.3 Mineral
  • 3.4 Concepts
  • iii.five Limited geography model
• 4 Literary style
• v Linguistic communication and alphabet
• 6 Women in the Book of Mormon
• seven Copyright and legal issues
• 8 Starting time press
• 9 See also
• 10 External links
• 11 Notes
• 12 References

Background and controversy [edit]

Church building founder Joseph Smith, Jr. claimed to have translated it (from an otherwise-unattested language known every bit "Reformed Egyptian", a rather odd language for a society of people with a historical enmity towards Egypt to write in) with the assist of a special pair of sacred drinking glass-similar stones (later identified with the Urim and Thummim of the ancient Israelite temple) from a series of inscribed gold plates establish in upstate New York (specifically, Hill Cumorah in Palmyra) with the aid of an angel named Moroni^{[note 2]}, and to have obtained testimony of its truth from eleven of his all-time friends; however, despite this testimony (published in the forepart of every copy of the Book of Mormon printed), these seem to have been spiritual rather than physical testimonies. Many of those witnesses eventually defected from the Church, yet never withdrew their witness claim. Smith himself had long been known every bit a conman specializing in divination games involving "magic" stones. Smith claimed after an atmospherics with his wife over the translation that the plates had been taken back by an enraged Moroni, and the book finished from a 2nd prepare of plates with similar content; no i other than (or including) Smith has ever been proven to take really seen either set up of plates.^{[note iii]} You exist the judge. At that place is a set of plates on display at the visitor's center at Hill Cumorah; sadly, they're just a prop.

Though held in the highest esteem by the LDS church and its splinter groups (including the Community of Christ, the former Reorganized LDS church building, which is otherwise largely liberal Protestant in its theology), it is accustomed by no other church inside Christendom. In addition, it does not hold at all with the accepted secular history of North American civilization, leading to some very interesting logical backflips on the part of LDS apologists and a singled-out lack of involvement from secular anthropologists and historians.

Synopsis [edit]

And it came to pass that an Israelite and his family unit did wander far to the east and got on a boat and sailed to a new country. And it came to pass that they were fruitful and multiplied, and had many sons and grandsons and whatnot. And information technology came to pass that all their offspring eventually split into two tribes, known every bit the Nephites and the Lamanites. And information technology came to pass that the Nephites stayed truthful to God for a time, and the Lamanites turned far from God for a time, and did do many wicked and sinful things, such as drinking claret and delighting in slaughter. And information technology came to pass that God did anoint the Nephites who stayed true to Him with white peel, but the wicked Lamanites did He curse with dark carmine skin. And it came to laissez passer that the reader did begin to tire from the overuse of the phrase "And it came to pass." And it came to pass that the Nephites and the Lamanites were frequently at state of war, until the wicked Lamanites did kill all the Nephites. The only time of prolonged peace in the land came to pass when it came to laissez passer that Jesus decided to pay the survivors of several calamities surrounding His death a visit anyhow and establish His church building, and then right afterward this same Jesus had merely got finished doing His piece of work halfway beyond the earth, it came to pass that Jesus did appear and give a agglomeration of sermons to the People, mostly taken verbatim from the King James Version of the four Gospels.^{[note 4]} And it came to pass that a prophecy came to pass was given, that a great prophet would later come up to re-found His church in the Americas, and his proper noun would just happen to be Joseph Smith. And it came to laissez passer that things came to pass, yea, they did come up to pass exceedingly, yea, they did come up exceedingly to pass.

It's plenty to put you to sleep, isn't it?

Every bit with the proper Erstwhile Testament, it is divided into several books arranged in approximately chronological order. It begins with the two books of Nephi, supposedly written by Nephi, son of Lehi . Together with the books of Jacob, Enos, Jarom, and Omni, these form the first part, the Pocket-sized Plates of Nephi . Afterwards this comes the contributions of Mormon, which include a summary of the Big Plates of Nephi , which were manifestly lost around the time of the destruction of the Nephite nation. Information technology concludes with a section containing the words of Moroni , the last Nephite prophet.

The Volume of Jacob (third "Book" in the Book of Mormon) says, "Recall of your brethren like unto yourselves, and exist familiar with all and free with your substance, that they may be rich similar unto y'all." So information technology is puzzling why Mormons are by and large Republicans.

The Book of Jacob also says, "Wherefore, my brethren, hear me, and hearken to the discussion of the Lord: For there shall not any man amongst you have save it be one wife; and concubines he shall have none." So it is puzzling why the Mormons were polygamists, at least until the 1890s when they had to reverse the exercise in society for the church building to avoid horrible repercussions of breaking the police force as seen past their prophet in a vision.

Anachronisms [edit]

" "The whole face up of the land had become covered with buildings, and the people were as numerous almost, every bit it were the sand of the ocean.

—Mormon ane:7

The Volume of Mormon claims to describe events in the Americas from a period between 2500 BCE and 400 CE. According to the text, the Nephites and Lamanites congenital walled cities that spread from the east to the west coast somewhere in the Americas. "The whole confront of the country had become covered with buildings, and the people were as numerous near, as information technology were the sand of the sea."^[iv] These cities were made of durable materials similar "cement"^[v], which was actually unknown in pre-Columbian America. They were ringed with city walls.^[vi] These cities would appear to accept vanished without a trace.

Beast [edit]

The Volume of Mormon locates a number of animals in the Americas that were in fact absent during the time flow it purports to cover. These animals include:

The North American megafauna extinction wiped out the horses and elephants once plant here well before the Volume of Mormon period.

• Horses, both wild and domestic^[7]
• Elephants^[8]
• Domesticated cattle^[9]
• Domesticated goats^[10]
• Domesticated swine^[11]

All of these creatures vanished without a trace. They were not found in the Americas until they were re-introduced by European colonists. Some did exist in prehistoric pre-Columbian America. The ancestors of the Native Americans may have killed off the native elephants and horses of North America, besides as a number of creatures the Book of Mormon failed to mention. All of this would take taken place more than five g years earlier the Book of Mormon events co-ordinate to accustomed secular history.

Spanish horses quickly went feral in the New Globe, and were besides quickly domesticated by the Natives.^{[notation 5]} If Former World horses had been introduced in the New Globe around 600 BCE it seems probable that those horses would accept just as hands established feral populations. Those horses would likely have survived no matter what the humans did to each other. European domestic swine and goats too established feral populations in the New World, but merely after they were brought here by European settlers.^{[12] [13]}

Vegetable [edit]

The Volume of Mormon mentioned various cultivated plants that were actually unknown in the Americas, including:

• Barley^[xiv]
• Wheat^[15]
• Figs^[16]

These too vanished without a trace in the archeological tape. The Book of Mormon failed to notice maize corn, squash, beans, potatoes, chili peppers, tomatoes, chocolate, tobacco, and other Native American staples.

Mineral [edit]

The Book of Mormon besides places a number of technologies in the easily of the people it alleges were the ancestors of the Native Americans. These technologies include:

Aztec warriors wielded wooden clubs fitted with stone blades. Steel would have been prissy.

• Iron and steel.^[17] The atomic number 26 and steel in the Volume of Mormon were the kinds susceptible to rust.^[18] They were used to make "swords", "cimiters" (i.e. scimitars) and other weapons.^[xix]
• Chariots and wagons and other wheeled vehicles,^[xx] except in the instance of children's toys.^{[21] [22]}
• Silk.^[23]
• Cement as a building material.

All of these technologies vanished without a trace. The Native Americans had no wheeled vehicles.^[24] The fearsome Aztec warriors wielded weapons made with obsidian blades inserted in wood; steel would take worked improve, if they had any.^[25] The smelting and working of atomic number 26 and steel is an environmentally messy undertaking that involves very hot fires that leave behind a great deal of ash and slag. If pre-Columbian Americans were smelting or smithing iron, we could all the same tell.^[26] All metalworking leaves tell-tale signs in soil chemical science and in bricks and stones subjected to ores, fumes, and extreme temperatures.^[27] Nada of the kind has e'er been discovered in the Americas.^{[note 6]} Some Central and South American peoples worked metals that were institute natively, such as copper, gold, and silver.^{[notation seven]} The Book of Mormon does not mention copper, but refers to a mysterious metal called "ziff".^[28]

In short, the claims of the Book of Mormon regarding the civilization of alleged pre-Columbian civilizations completely lack archeological support. Instead, the text gives every indication that its author simply transplanted Fe Age Centre Eastern civilization from the Sometime Earth to the New, and just assumed that their cloth cultures would be similar. Smith simply paid no attention to the differences betwixt aboriginal Palestine and North America that did not chronicle to his theme of the presence of Hebrew monotheists in the New World.

Mormon apologists typically deal with such anachronisms by saying that the Book of Mormon didn't mean what it said. The cattle were really buffalo or deer. The steel really was copper.^[29] These claims would remove impossibilities from the Book of Mormon by calling the accurateness of Smith's translation into question.

Concepts [edit]

The concept of a navigational "compass"^[30] (every bit opposed to a colonnade of deject^[31]) Joseph Smith placed in the 6th century BCE.^{[32] [33]} Otherwise, historians know of compasses used for navigation only equally early as the 11th century CE in Song dynasty China.^[34]

Limited geography model [edit]

Some Mormon apologists utilise what they call a "limited geography model" that relocates the events of the Book of Mormon to a very small expanse, normally in Mesoamerica, rather than the continent spanning cities the book actually describes. The attraction of this hypothesis is that this is one of the few areas where Native Americans acquired literacy and the arts of rock masonry needed to build the sorts of buildings the book describes.

The limited geography model is inconsistent with Smith'southward own interpretations. The hill Cumorah, site of the final boxing and resting identify of the golden plates, is near Palmyra in New York state. Near this site, the Book of Mormon tells us a battle was fought by an army numbering 230,000 soldiers, and that's but the Lamanites.^[35] Of course, no trace of this immense host remains today. In his journey westward, Smith claimed to have identified the resting place of his character Zelph in Illinois. While travelling through Illinois, Smith wrote his married woman Emma, identifying the state he was travelling with the state of the Nephites:^[36]

" "The whole of our journey, in the midst of and then large a visitor of social honest and sincere men, wandering over the plains of the Nephites, recounting occasionally the history of the Book of Mormon, roving over the mounds of that in one case beloved people of the Lord, picking up their skulls & their bones, as a proof of its divine authenticity, and gazing upon a country the fertility, the splendour and the goodness and then indescribable, all serves to pass away time unnoticed.

Smith clearly intended that his story happened in the northern United States:

" "And again, what do we hear? Glad tidings from Gomorrah Cumorah! Moroni, an angel from heaven, declaring the fulfilment of the prophets—the volume to be revealed. A voice of the Lord in the wilderness of Fayette, Seneca county, declaring the three witnesses to bear record of the book! The voice of Michael on the banks of the Susquehanna, detecting the devil when he appeared as an angel of lite! The voice of Peter, James, and John in the wilderness betwixt Harmony, Susquehanna canton, and Colesville, Broome county, on the Susquehanna river, declaring themselves equally possessing the keys of the kingdom, and of the dispensation of the fulness of times!

—Doctrine and Covenants 128:20

According to the Book of Mormon, the American civilizations collapsed at effectually 400 CE, subsequently the battle which led to the extinction of the Nephites. This is not the history of Mesoamerica, either. The classic Maya connected to flourish until around 800 CE, and the civilizations of the Toltecs and Aztecs arose fifty-fifty later.

Literary way [edit]

" ""During the Rectification of the Vuldronaii, the Traveler came as a big moving Torb! Then during the Third Reconciliation of the concluding of the Meketrex Supplicants, they chose a new form for him, that of a giant Sloar! Many Shubs and Zulls knew what it was to be roasted in the depths of a Sloar that day, I can tell yous!"

—Not the Book of Mormon, but it might likewise be.

The Book of Mormon seems to have been an intentional stylistic copy of the Rex James Bible, though generally a poor ane. Author Marking Twain, in his book Roughing It, described information technology as "chloroform in print", and the book is loaded with filler phrases that seem to serve no other purpose just to give the linguistic communication an antiquarian feeling.^{[notation 8]}

Terminate taking Coriantum immediately and call your dr. if you grow a second head.

A peculiarity of the book is that many of the names of the characters are imitation-Hebrew; that is, they appear to fit traditional English spellings of Biblical names just are non actually meaningful Hebrew. Many, such as "Mosiah", are evidently portmanteaux of names (i.e. "Moses" and "Isaiah"^{[notation 9]}); others are apparently made up, often terminating in the pseudo-Hebrew suffix "-ihah".^{[note x]} They tend to sound like patent medicines or 1930s soft drinks:

• Corihor, Coriantum, Coriantumr;
• Gid, Giddianhi, Giddonah, Gidgiddonah;
• Helum, Helam, Helonum, Helaman;
• Laban, Lamoni, Lehonti, Lehi;
• Moron, Moroni, Mormon;
• Sam, Shared, Shez, Shiz, Seezoram;
• Zelph, Zeezrom, Zenock, Zeram, Zoram, bibbidi bobbidy boo. And this guy.

At to the lowest degree one major proper name, Alma, is presented as a man's name, fifty-fifty though the Hebrew עלמה means "immature woman". Greek names like "Timothy" too announced, despite the characters being wandering Israelites who left the Old Earth around 600 BCE.

Language and alphabet [edit]

The original language of the Book of Mormon is mentioned fleetingly in the Book of Mormon. Mormon 9:32 claims it is written in "reformed Egyptian" characters. Elsewhere, in 1 Nephi 1:two, it says that Nephi, the author of the Books of Nephi, used "the learning of the Jews and the linguistic communication of the Egyptians".^[37] Joseph Smith claimed to have received the plates from an angel and given them back after translation, so it is impossible to report them, and Smith translated the text using magic not linguistic knowledge, so he was unable to say much else about the language.^[38]

Smith did claim to have copied down some of the characters from the aureate plates; he says he gave a sample to the classical scholar Charles Anthon to establish their identity in 1828, in a document known equally the Anthon Transcript, which is at present believed lost (information technology has been tentatively identified with other documents, but they have been shown not to take been past Smith, and some were unambiguously identified equally forgeries). The Anthon Transcript is sometimes identified with the Caractors document, a putative Mormon text at present known to have been written by John Whitmer later than 1828 and which probably depicts symbols from the Aztec agenda (as collected past Humboldt in the 1830s). According to various Mormons, Anthon discussed the characters with Martin Harris , an early Mormon bigwig who claimed to have seen the golden plates and who funded early Mormon publications. Some Mormons claim that Anthon authenticated the characters to Harris then destroyed his approving account, because evidently a scholar who uncovered convincing prove of a new language would want to destroy it.^[39] Withal, symbols from the Caractors document have been presented by the Mormons as accurate reformed Egyptian characters, including in a 1844 essay "The Stick of Joseph", which has been reprinted many times since.^[37]

Withal, Mormon pseudolinguists similar to speculate about what linguistic communication they might have been written in, ignoring the total lack of evidence.^[37] It's certainly truthful that Egyptian has been written in a diversity of alphabets, from the primeval logographic signs (ofttimes called hieroglyphs), through various scripts such every bit hieratic and demotic, to the current Coptic texts in a version of the Greek alphabet.^[twoscore] Hence the speculation that reformed Egyptian might be a variation of i of those alphabets, only nobody has convincingly shown a connection, and Mormons have theorized a relationship not only to Hebrew, Egyptian, and other Afro-Asiatic languages, but as well to Mayan/Olmec and Ogham writing.^[37]

Women in the Book of Mormon [edit]

Scientific discipline fiction writer Orson Scott Card (himself a Mormon) says:

" "...women are well-nigh absent-minded from the Book of Mormon. When they practice manage to prove up, they are rarely named. There are only 3 women who are actually of the culture of the Book of Mormon who are given names. One is Sariah, the mother of Nephi. Another is a harlot named Isabel, and the third is a servant adult female named Abish. None of the queens who show up in the story are mentioned by proper noun. None of these writers e'er mentions his own wife, and when women exercise prove upward in a specific role they're still almost never named. Nephi did not fifty-fifty carp to mention the names of the women who saved his life by pleading for him in the wilderness.

Bated from these 3 women, just Mary the female parent of Jesus, Eve, and Sarah the wife of Abraham are even mentioned by name in the entire Book of Mormon.

Copyright and legal bug [edit]

Whilst the proper name "Book of Mormon" is a trademark held past a belongings company connected to the mainline LDS Church in Salt Lake Metropolis, Utah, the text itself is freely bachelor in the original English from numerous sites and in several variations on the Internet (translations into other languages, however, have generally come from within the LDS Church and may be covered by copyright); this commodity links to several, and the Wikipedia commodity on the book includes many more.

As mentioned in a higher place, the church makes bachelor free copies of the Book of Mormon and the King James Bible to those considering joining the Church building.^{[note 11]} Pearl of Great Price and Doctrine and Covenants, are rarely provided costless of charge, for they are only bachelor separately in certain languages.

First press [edit]

August 1829 contract for first printing

"Martin Harris had mortgaged [240 acres] his farm to Mr. E. B. Grandin on Baronial five, 1829, for the sum of three yard dollars." Harris's wife recalled: "1 day, while at Peter Harris house, I told him he had better leave the company of the Smiths, as their religion was simulated; to which he replied, if you lot would let me alone, I could make money by it."

"On Baronial 25, 1829, Grandin entered into a secured transaction, using Harris' state as collateral, to print 5,000 copies of the book for $3,000, to be paid inside 18 months after press began. Half the sum was to be paid by Martin Harris, and the other half was to be paid by Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum."

Smith fundraising

In order to pay his $1500 share of the costs for printing the Book of Mormon, Smith attempted unsuccessfully to raise at to the lowest degree $500 from his old friend Josiah Stowell.

Canadian copyright

In the "Winter of 1829" or "around Jan 1830", Joseph Smith sent a grouping including Oliver Cowdery and Hiram Page to Toronto to raise coin past selling the volume'south Canadian copyright.

"Joseph heard that in that location was a gamble to sell a re-create right in Canada for any useful volume that was used in the States. Joseph idea this would be a good opportunity to get a hand on a sum of coin which was to exist (after the expenses were taken out) for the exclusive benefit of the Smith family and was to be at the disposal of Joseph. Appropriately Oliver Cowdery, Joseph Knight, Hiram Page and Joseph Stoel were chosen (as I sympathize by revelation) to do the business; we were living from thirty to 100 miles apart. The necessary training was made (by them) in a sly manner so as to continue Martin Harris from cartoon a share of the money. It was told me we were to go past revelation, but when we had assembled at Father Smiths, there was no revelation for us to go, but we were all broken-hearted to get a revelation to become; and when information technology came we were to go to Kingston where we were to sell if they would not harden their hearts; but when we got there, at that place was no purchaser, neither were they authorized at Kingston to buy rights for the Provence; but fiddling York was the place where such business had to be done. We were to get viii,000 dollars. We were treated with the best of respect past all we met with in Kingston – past the higher up we may acquire how a revelation may exist received and the person receiving it not be benefitted."

Jan 1830 intermission in Printing

"Smith traveled in one case over again from Harmony Palmyra, and placated Harris by entering into a contract on January 16, 1830 stating: "I hereby concur that Martin Harris shall have an equal privilege with me and my friends of selling the Book of Mormon of the edition now printing past Egbert B. Grandin until enough of them shall be sold to pay for the printing of the aforementioned." Smith and Harris and then went to Grandin's role, and convinced Grandin to resume printing, which he did on January 26, 1830

On sale

Local paper The Wayne Spotter "advertised the Volume of Mormon for sale in its 26 March 1830 event. The selling cost in Grandin's bookstore ranged from $1.25 to $one.75 per volume. The lower cost was no doubt the more realistic toll. ... early on Mormon missionaries were able to obtain copies of the book for $1.25, and they seem to accept and so tried to sell them for $two.50."

See as well [edit]

• Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ
• A Grade in Miracles
• Oahspe
• Urantia Book

External links [edit]

• The LDS Church's official online repository of works it recognizes as scripture
• Project Gutenberg ebook
• Online BoM (Project Gutenberg mirror)
• Skeptic's Annotated Book of Mormon
• Mark Twain's book Roughing Information technology in its entirety

Notes [edit]

1. ↑ Pearl of Great Price and Doctrine of Covenants, sources of the LDS church'southward more distinctive doctrines, are not quite so easy to find, though they're available for download from the LDS church's website.
2. ↑ Don't say anything. Too like shooting fish in a barrel.
3. ↑ Due to the lack of the physical plates that Smith claimed to accept worked from, all translations of the Book of Mormon are done from the original English. A cynic might find that to exist an inexcusable potential loss of information.
4. ↑ Some 1600 years before the KJV was written! Truly miraculous.
5. ↑ In fact, most biologists today believe the genus Equus evolved in N America. Only the original population was extirpated in the North American megafauna extinction.
6. ↑ The exception that proves the rule here is the Norse site at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. A modest smithy operated briefly there. It left slag and charcoal and the other archeological traces expected from fe-working. This is i of the ways we know that Europeans had been at that place.
7. ↑ Some North American Indians worked copper, but for limited uses simply, nowhere most the systematic usage of copper equally seen in the Chalcolithic .
8. ↑ "And it came to pass" is something of a signature phrase. How signature? It occurs i,120 times in the text. That's a petty over ii times per page.
9. ↑ The possible Hebrew class *moshiyahu, while gibberish ("God's recovered ane", maybe?), seems suspiciously close to Mashiakh, just one wonders if Joseph Smith knew that.
10. ↑ Your guess is as good as mine how that's supposed to expect in Hebrew, only that'southward some other well-known BoM name cliche .
11. ↑ The original author of this article got ane for free also -- it had obviously fallen out of a missionary's backpack on a subway train in Boston, dwelling of Mormon Presidential candidate Hand Romney. It is a sad, floppy little book, with the appearance of an even cheaper version of those cheapass $five "presentation" Bibles sold in discount stores, apparently the same edition that the LDS church building sells for $2-$3 in bulk for missionary use.

References [edit]

1. ↑ The Interactive Bible Warning, very spider web 1.0-y
2. ↑ Book of Mormon - 1830 (Heritage Replica). heraldhouse.org.
3. ↑ Volume of Mormon Replica, 1830 Edition. deseretbook.com.
4. ↑ Mormon 1:7
5. ↑ Helaman 3:7 - 9
6. ↑ Mosiah 9:half dozen - eight
7. ↑ Alma xviii:9, Alma xviii:12, Alma 20:6, 3 Nephi 3:22
8. ↑ Ether ix:19: "And they also had horses, and asses, and at that place were elephants".
9. ↑ Ether ix:18
10. ↑ 1 Ne. 18:25, Enos ane:21, Ether 9:18
11. ↑ 3 Nephi xiv:half dozen; Ether 9:17-18
12. ↑ John J. Meyer, Feral Pigs in the United States, Univ. Georgia Press, 2008
13. ↑ Encounter the Wikipedia article on San Clemente Island goat.
14. ↑ Alma 11: seven, 15; Mosiah vii: 22; Mosiah nine: 9
15. ↑ Mosiah nine:9
16. ↑ 3 Nephi xiv:sixteen
17. ↑ 1 Nephi 16:18, 2 Nephi 5:15, Jarom 1:8, Ether 7:9
18. ↑ Mosiah eight:11
19. ↑ two Nephi v:fourteen
20. ↑ Alma 18:9-10,12, Alma xx:half dozen, three Nephi 3:22
21. ↑ Smithsonian Olmec Legacy. Archived from the original at anthropology.si.edu.
22. ↑ Pre-Columbian Wheels. Archived from the original at precolumbianwheels.com.
23. ↑ 1 Nephi thirteen:7, Alma ane:29, Alma four:6, Ether 9:17, Ether 10:24
24. ↑ Wissler, Clark. The American Indian. pp. 32–39 - as quoted by B. H. Roberts, Studies of the Book of Mormon, 2d Edition, Signature Books, Common salt Lake City, 1992, pg. 99.
25. ↑ See the Wikipedia article on Macuahuitl.
26. ↑ Keys, Lynne. Fe slags on archaeological sites: an introduction.
27. ↑ Joe Miksch, Aboriginal Mongol Metallurgy an Farthermost Polluter, Univ. Pittsburgh, Mar. 6, 2015.
28. ↑ Mosiah 11:3,8
29. ↑ Lindsay, Jeff. Plants and Animals in the Book of Mormon: Some Solutions to Credible Bug
30. ↑ 1 Nephi 18:12-13. "And it came to pass that after they had jump me, insomuch that I could not move, the compass, which had been prepared of the Lord, did terminate to work; wherefore, they knew not whither they should steer the ship [...]."
31. ↑ Encounter the Wikipedia article on Pillar of Cloud.
32. ↑ Meet the Wikipedia article on Book of Mormon chronology § Virtually 590 BC, on the bounding main.
33. ↑ Meet the Wikipedia article on Liahona.
34. ↑ Lu, Yongxiang, ed (2014). "iv.five Compass and Navigation". A History of Chinese Science and Applied science. 2. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 288-289. ISBN 9783662441664. Retrieved 2017-12-01. "[...] we can say that use of compass in navigation should have begun in the latter half of the 11th century."
35. ↑ Mormon six:9–xiv.
36. ↑ Dean C. Jessee (1984), The Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, Deseret Books, p. 324
37. ↑ ^{37.0 37.1 37.2 37.iii} Meet the Wikipedia article on Reformed Egyptian.
38. ↑ Meet the Wikipedia commodity on Golden plates.
39. ↑ Encounter the Wikipedia article on Anthon Transcript.
40. ↑ Egyptian Language, James Hoch, Britannica

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